List of law colleges in India

Tamil Nadu

University of Madras

Dr Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai

Government Law College, Madurai

Government Law College, Coimbatore

Government Law College, Chengalpattu

Central Law College, Salem

Government Law College, Thiruchirappalli

Andhra Pradesh

Nalsar University of Law, Hyderabad

Osmania University College of Law, Osmania University

Paddala Ram Reddi Law College, Hyderabad

Dr. Ambedkar College of Law, Hyderabad

K.V. Ranga Reddy Institute of Law

Mahatma Gandhi Law College

Pendekanti Law College

PG College of Law

Ponugoti Madhava Rao Law College

Sultan-ul-uloom Law College

University College of Law

MRVRGR Law College, Vijayanagaram

DN Raju Law College, West Godavari

Assam

Tinsukia Law College

Jorhat Law College

Faculty of Law, Gauhati University

Bihar

Chanakya National Law University

Patna Law College

Jai Prakash Vishwavidyalaya

Chhattisgarh

Hidayatullah National Law University (HNLU)

Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University (School of studies in Law)

Goa

Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law

V M Salgaocar College of Law

Gujarat

Gujarat National Law University (GNLU)

M. S. Bhagat and C. S. Sonawala Law College

Faculty of Law, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

Faculty of Law, Hemchandracharya, North Gujarat

Department of Law, Saurashtra University

IM Nanavati Law College, Ahmedabad

Sir LA Shah Law College

Gujarat University, School of Law

Faculty Of Law, South Gujarat University

Haryana

Bharat Institute of Law, Faridabad

Faculty of Law, Maharshi Dayanand University

Department of Law, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa

National Institute of Law, Kurukshetra University

C. R. Law College

P. S. D. Girls Law College

Shri MLV Govt. College Bhilwara

Karnataka

Bangalore Institute of Legal Studies, Bangalore

M.S. Ramaiah College of Law, Bangalore

School of Law, Christ University, Bangalore

Indira Priyadarshini College of Law, Bangalore

Jagadguru Sri Shivarathrishwara Law College, Mysore

K.L.E. Society's Law College, Bangalore

National Law School of India University, Bangalore

University College of Law, Karnataka University, Dharwad

University Law College, Bangalore University

Vaikunta Baliga College of Law, Udupi

Vivekananda College of Law, Bangalore

Bishop cotton Women's Christian Law college Bangalore

B.M.S College of Law, Bangalore

Oxford College of Law

Seshadripuram Law College

Visveswarapura College of Law

Havanur College of Law

Faculty of Law, Maysore University

R.L. Law College

Kerala

Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram

Government Law College, Ernakulam

Government Law College, Thrissur

Government Law College, Calicut

Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram

National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kochi

School of Legal Studies, Cochin

School of Indian Legal Thought, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam

Department of Law, Kerala University

Mahatma Gandhi University

Faculty of Law, University of Calicut

Madhya Pradesh

Department of Law, Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur

Faculty of Law, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar

National Law Institute University, Bhopal

School of Law, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore

Maharashtra

Rizvi Law College,Mumbai (affiliated to the University of Mumbai)

A.K. Khan Law College, Pune (affiliated to the University of Pune)

Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh College of Law, Amravati (affiliated to Sant Gadge Baba Amaravati University)

G.J. Advani Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to the University of Mumbai)

Government Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to the University of Mumbai)

ILS Law College, Pune (affiliated to the University of Pune)

New Law College, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune

M.P. Law College, Aurangabad (affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University)

K.C. Law College, Mumbai (affiliated to the University of Mumbai)

S.V.K.M'S College Of Law (affiliated to the University OF Mumbai)

Symbiosis Law School, Pune (Symbiosis International University)

New Law College, Mumbai(affiliated to the University of Mumbai)

Narhar Balwant Thakur College of Law, Nasik (affiliated to the University of Pune)

National Capital Region of Delhi

Faculty of Law, University of Delhi

National Law School, Delhi

Amity Law School

Faculty of Law, Jamia Milia Islamia

Guru Govind Singh Indraprashta University, Delhi

Vivekananda Law School

Indian Law Institute

Indian Academy of International Law

IMS Law College, Noida

Harlal School of Law, Greater Noida

Lloyd Law College, Greater Noida

ITS Law College, Ghaziabad

Modern College of Law, Ghaziabad

Integrated Academy of Management & Technology, Ghaziabad

Orissa

KIIT Law School, Bhubaneswar (Affiliated to KIIT University) Offers BA LLB, BBA LLB and BSc. LLB degrees

University Law College,Bani vihar, Bhubaneswar

M.S. Law College, Cuttack

Jeypore Law college, Jeypore (Koraput)

Lingaraj Law College, Brahmapur

Dhenkanal Law College, Dhenkanal

Punjab

Army Institute of Law, Mohali (affiliated to Punjabi University, Patiala)

Department of Laws, Punjabi University, Patiala

Department of Laws, Panjab University, Chandigarh

Department of Laws, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar

Department of Laws, Guru Nanak Dev University Regional Campus, Gurdaspur

Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala

Institute of Legal Studies, Chandigarh

St. Soldier Law Collage, Behind REC, GT Road, Jalandhar

Puducherry

Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Puducherry, [affiliated to Pondicherry University]

Rajasthan

National Law University, Jodhpur

School of Law & Governance, Jaipur National University

Faculty of Law, Jai Narain Vyas University

Faculty of Law, Mohanlal Sukhadia University

Faculty of Law, Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University

University Of Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University

Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University

Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow

Faculty of Law, Allahabad University, Allahabad

DS College, Aligarh

Hari Shankar Prasad Law College, Ballia

VSSD College, Kanpur

Bhagwati College of Law, Meerut

Dewan Law College, Meerut

IIMT Law College, Meerut

Translam College of Law, Meerut

Hafiz Rehmat Khan Law College, Pilibhit

Doon College of Law and Education, Saharanpur

St. Andrews College, Gorakhpur

West Bengal

Department of Law, University of Calcutta, Kolkata

West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata

Jalpaiguri Law College, Jalpaiguri

South Calcutta Law College

Surendranath Law College, Kolkata

Bengal Law College, Shantiniketan

Seven Lamps of Advocacy

Justice Abbot Parry qualifies the following qualities as Seven Lamps of Advocacy.  The are ...

1. Honesty:

Honesty is the most important quality that an advocate should possess.  His thoughts, words and deeds should have sincere co-relation to each other with genuineness.  An advocate should be dependable and reliable to every one who seeks his advice and services.  The uprightness, integrity and honesty of an advocate will increase his reputation and respect in the society.

2. Courage:

It is the duty of an advocate to fearlessly uphold the interests of his client by all fair means without fear of any unpleasant consequences to himself or any other person.  It is the knowledge and skill of the advocate that gives him the necessary courage and confidence to present the case fearlessly and to uphold the interest of the client.  The knowledge and the skill can be acquired and developed by mastery of facts, mastery of laws, and mastery in drafting and presentation of convincing arguments.

3. Industry:

It means hard work.  Hard works is absolutely necessary for an advocate.  His knowledge of law should be up to date.  He will never be ignorant of the current law in force.  He will get acquainted with the latest law only by systematic study.  If one ignores the law, the law will also ignore him.  That is why it is said that law is a jealous mistress.

4. Wit:

Judges and lawyers have to deal with a variety of serious and important matters affecting life and liberty of the people.  So constant clash between them is common.  Anxiety for a favourable verdict on the part of the lawyers; and perpetual worry for the pursuit of truth on the part of the judges generate strain and tension.  Occasional wit and humour, provoking a smile or laughter will help them to ease the tension, and refresh themselves to sharpen their brain for the effective discharges of their duties.

 5. Eloquence:

Eloquence means the fluency, force and style of using the language.  Strong vocabulary is one of the powerful weapon, which an advocate should possess.  Words are his keys of thought.  Strong vocabulary gives him assurance, build his self-confidence and increase his personality.  Words must be employed with eloquence.  The art of persuasive and impressive speaking will give the desired result in his favour.

6. Judgment:

It means the ability to come to a sensible conclusion and make wise decisions at the relevant time in the proper way.  It is on the basis of these conclusions he should employ the necessary facts and techniques in the case in which he is engaged.  This quality is necessary from the beginning of filling the case till its final disposal.  An advocate must always anticipate all the possible moves of the other side and must develop the necessary presence of mind, alertness and tact to cope with any awkward situation of difficulty that may arise in the case.

7. Fellowship:

In legal profession, one advocate fights with another advocate for justice before a learned judge.  There may be controversies and contradictions in their contention relating to the case, but that shall never affect their fellowship.  The advocates should refer the opposite party’s advocate as learned friend and the judge should be referred as learned judge.  In order to maintain the fellowship, the Bar Council of India has laid down certain rules to be observed as the duty to colleagues.

Common Law Admission Test (CLAT)

The Common Law Admission Test (CLAT) would be conducted for the first time in May, 2008 and would be held every year on behalf of any of the participating institutes. The NLSIU, Bangalore, the oldest of the National Law Schools will set the process in motion by undertaking to conduct the admission test for the academic year 2008-09.

The CLAT is expected to provide the students the ease of filling up a single application form to get admission to any of the participating institutes. It is further expected that other National Law Schools (i.e., the Law Schools established by State enactments) would join these seven Law Schools in due course. Meanwhile, the results of admission test would be made available to them on request.

CLAT conduct examination for admission to the 5year under graduate programme (BA LLB) and post-graduate programme (LL.M) for its 11 National Law Universities across India.

The name of these eleven universities is given below:

National Law Institute University, Bhopal.

National Law School of India University, Bangalore.

West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata.

NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad

National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kochi.

National Law University, Jodhpur.

Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar.

Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow.

Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur.

Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala.

Chanakya National Law University, Patna.

CLAT test format for undergraduates

At postgraduate level:

Students who have done their LLB or BL from an accredited university with 50% marks can apply for LLM entrance exams. If you are appearing for final year in LLM, you can apply for the entrance test but your admission will be confirmed; only when you submit the results with required level of scores.

CLAT application procedure

Application forms and the brochure are available at the designated branches of the Corporation Bank and State Bank of India for 2,000 only (inclusive of bank charges and test fee, or you can download the form online from www.clat.ac.in. Print the form, complete it and send it with all the enclosures and a Demand Draft of Rs 2,000 payable at Bangalore in favour of Convener, CLAT.

The applications are to be sent to:

The Convener, CLAT,

National Law School of India University,

Bangalore -560 242 

Our Parliament

          The Constitution of India which came into force on 26 January 1950 provides for a bicameral Parliament consisting of the President and the two Houses known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

The President

          The President of the Republic is elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies (popular Houses) of the States.  Though the President of India is a constituent part of Parliament, he does not sit or participate in the discussions in either of the two  Houses.  There are certain constitutional functions which he has to perform with respect to Parliament.  The President summons and prorogues the two Houses of Parliament from time to time.  While the Rajya Sabha is a continuing body, the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha vests in the President.  His assent is essential for a Bill passed by both Houses of Parliament.  When the Parliament is not in Session and he is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, the President can promulgate Ordinances having the same force and effect as laws passed by Parliament.

The Two Houses of Parliament

Composition and Duration 

Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

        The Rajya Sabha is to consist of not more than 250 members.  Of these, 12 are nominated by the President for their special knowledge or practical experience in such matters as literature, science, art and social service.  The remaining seats are allocated to the various States and Union territories, roughly in proportion to their population; each State is, however, represented by at least one member. The total number of seats in the Rajya Sabha at present is 245, including 12 members nominated by the President.

          The representatives of each State in Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the State in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The representatives of the Union territories are chosen in such manner as Parliament may by law prescribe.  The minimum age for membership of the House is 30 years.

The allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to be filled by the representatives of the States/Union territories is as follows:

Name of the State/Union Territory	Total Number of Seats
1.                  Andhra Pradesh 2.                  Arunachal Pradesh 3.                  Assam 4.                  Bihar 5.                  Chhattisgarh 6.                  Goa 7.                  Gujarat 8.                  Haryana 9.                  Himachal Pradesh 10.              Jammu & Kashmir 11.              Jharkhand 12.              Karnataka 13.              Kerala 14.              Madhya Pradesh 15.              Maharashtra 16.              Manipur 17.              Meghalaya 18.              Mizoram 19.              Nagaland 20.              Orissa 21.              Punjab 22.              Rajasthan 23.              Sikkim 24.              Tamil Nadu 25.              Tripura 26.              Uttaranchal 27.              Uttar Pradesh 28.              West Bengal 29.              The National Capital Territory of   Delhi 30.              Pondicherry 31.             Nominated by the President under (article 80 (1) (a) of theConstitution	18  1  7 16  5  1 11  5  3  4  6 12  9 11 19  1  1  1  1 10  7 10  1 18  1  3 31 16  3 1  12
Total	245

                            

The Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution, but as nearly as possible, one-third of its members retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year in accordance with the provisions made in that behalf by Parliament by law.  The normal term of office of a member of Rajya Sabha is six years from the date of election or nomination.

House of the People (Lok Sabha) 

        The Lok Sabha, as the name itself signifies, is composed of representatives of the people chosen by direct election on the basis of adult suffrage.  The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution is 552 – upto 530 members to represent the States, upto 20 members to represent the Union territories and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the President if, in his opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House.  The total elective membership of the House is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States.  The qualifying age for membership of the Lok Sabha is 25 years.  The Lok Sabha at present consists of 545 members.  The allocation of seats to the States and the Union territories  is as under:

Name of State/Union Territory	Total Number of Seats
I. States 1.                  Andhra Pradesh 2.                  Arunachal Pradesh 3.                  Assam 4.                  Bihar 5.                  Chhattisgarh 6.                  Goa 7.                  Gujarat 8.                  Haryana 9.                  Himachal Pradesh 10.              Jammu & Kashmir 11.              Jharkhand 12.              Karnataka 13.              Kerala 14.              Madhya Pradesh 15.              Maharashtra 16.              Manipur 17.              Meghalaya 18.              Mizoram 19.              Nagaland 20.              Orissa 21.              Punjab 22.              Rajasthan 23.              Sikkim 24.              Tamil Nadu 25.              Tripura 26.              Uttaranchal 27.              Uttar Pradesh 28.              West Bengal	42 2 14 40 11 2 26 10 4 6 14 28 20 29 48 2 2 1 1 21 13 25 1 39 2 5 80 42
II. Union Territories
1.                  Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2.                  Chandigarh 3.                  Dadra and Nagar Haveli 4.                  Daman and Diu 5.                  The National Capital Territory of Delhi 6.                  Lakshadweep 7.                  Pondicherry 8.                  Anglo-Indians (if nominated by the President under article 331 of the Constitution)	1 1 1 1 7 1 1 2
Total	545

          The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and the expiration of the period of five years operates as dissolution of the House.  However, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not exceeding in any case beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate.

          Following the first General Elections held in the country in 1952, the First Lok Sabha met for the first time on 13 May 1952. The Second Lok Sabha met for the first time on  10 May 1957, the Third Lok Sabha on  16 April 1962, the Fourth Lok Sabha on  16 March  1967, the Fifth Lok Sabha on 19 March 1971, the Sixth Lok Sabha on 25 March 1977, the Seventh Lok Sabha on  21 January 1980, the Eighth Lok Sabha on 15 January 1985, the Ninth Lok Sabha on 18 December 1989, the Tenth Lok Sabha on 9 July 1991, the Eleventh Lok Sabha on 22 May 1996, the Twelfth Lok Sabha on 23 March 1998, the Thirteenth Lok Sabha on 20 October 1999 and Fourteenth Lok Sabha on 2 June, 2004.

Functions  

        The main function of both the Houses is to make laws. Every Bill has to be passed by both the Houses and assented to by the President before it becomes law. The subjects over which Parliament can legislate are the subjects mentioned under the Union List in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. Broadly speaking, Union subjects are those important subjects which for reasons of convenience, efficiency and security are administered on all-lndia basis. The principal Union subjects are defence, foreign affairs, railways, insurance, communications, currency and coinage, banking, income tax, customs, excise duties, atomic energy, census, etc.

Apart from the wide range of subjects allotted to it in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, even in normal times Parliament can, under certain circumstances, assume legislative power over a subject falling within the sphere exclusively reserved for the States.

Further, in times of grave emergency when the security of India or any part thereof is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion, and a Proclamation of Emergency is made by the President, Parliament acquires the power to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List.  Similarly, in the event of the failure of the constitutional machinery in a State, the powers of the Legislature of that State become exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament. This apart, the Constitution also vests in the Parliament the constituent power or the power to initiate amendment of the Constitution.

          Besides passing laws, Parliament can by means of resolutions, motions for adjournment, discussions, questions addressed by members to Ministers, system of committees, etc., exercise control over the administration of the country and safeguard people's liberties.

Relative Roles

          As between the two Houses, the Lok Sabha has supremacy in financial matters. It is also the House to which the Council of Ministers drawn from both Houses is collectively responsible. 

          On the other hand, the Rajya Sabha has a special role in enabling Parliament to legislate on a State subject if it is necessary in the national interest.  It has a similar  power in regard to the creation of an All-India Service common to the Union and the States.  In other respects, the Constitution proceeds on a theory of equality of status of the two Houses.

          Disagreement between the two Houses on amendments to a Bill may be resolved by both the Houses meeting in a joint sitting where questions are decided by majority vote.  However, this provision of joint sitting does not apply to Money Bills and Constitution Amendment Bills.

The Presiding Officers

          Each House of  Parliament has its own Presiding Officers.  In the Lok Sabha, both the Presiding Officers, i.e. the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are elected from amongst its members.  In the Rajya Sabha, the Vice-President of India is the ex officio Chairman.  He is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both the Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.  The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is, however, elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst themselves.

Leader of the House

        Each House of  Parliament has a Leader.  The Prime Minister, who is the Leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha, functions as the Leader of the House in the Lok Sabha except when he is not a member of the Lok Sabha. In the case, when the Prime Minister is not a member of the Lok Sabha, he appoints/nominates a Minister, who is a member of the Lok Sabha,  to be the leader of the House in the Lok Sabha. The senior-most Minister, who is a member of the Rajya Sabha, is appointed by the Prime Minister as the Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha.

Leader of the Opposition

          Each House of Parliament has a Leader of the Opposition.  The Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977 defines the term ‘Leader of the Opposition’ as that member of the Rajya Sabha or the Lok Sabha who, for the time being, is the Leader of that House of the Party in Opposition to the Government  having the greatest numerical strength and recognized,  as such, by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Sessions

        Normally, three Sessions of Parliament are held in a year: (i) Budget Session (February-May); (ii) Monsoon Session (July-August); and (iii) Winter Session (November-December).

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